Mountain Men and Merchants Free Essays

Mountain Men and Merchants; How the West was Explored and Tamed Chad D. Ramsey Student #4101887 History 300 Professor Tracy Derks December 15th 2011 During the beginning and throughout the 19th century, mountain men, trappers and merchants of the fur trade made a vital impact on the development of the previously uncharted West. These men came primarily from the East coast of the United States with a desire for adventure and the calling of a better life. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountain Men and Merchants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men like James Bridger, Jedediah Smith, Osborne Russell, Warren Ferris and numerous others left with expedition teams with what they could carry on their backs and on pack animals to explore the Western frontier. While these men appeared to be brave, and experienced some of the harshest conditions that the West had to offer, they were not alone, nor without help in the frontier. The mountain man had to forge relationships over the years with a key ally he would need to survive, the American Indian. Many members of these tribes, most notably, the Crow, Flathead, Cheyenne, and Shoshone helped these mountain men in their education and understanding of the complexities of the relatively unexplored area. These adventurers, frontiersmen, and trappers were also an industrious cross section of society, who played a vital part in the history of the United States. While American Indians helped Mountain Men to explore the rugged West and were a vital link to route exploration and survival techniques, it was the trappers’ writings, maps and fur trading that played a more important role in the development and exploration of the West. One of the most important roles that these Mountain Men played initially, was that of cartographers. The rough sketching, and understanding of the layout of the land and of cardinal direction, were key ingredients for the success of the Mountain Man. Utley described these talents in Mountain Man Warren Ferris when he observed, â€Å"By Ferris’s time, most trappers could visualize a map of the American West more accurate and comprehensive than existed anywhere on aper. Some of what they saw, and knew, leaked out through St. Louis newspapers or spread by word of mouth. Most, However, remained locked in their minds, awaiting the intermediary equipped by training and skill to lay it before the literate world. †1 During the summer of 1847, proclaimed Mountain Man Jim Bridger had already been assisting the early Mormon pioneers who had been crossing the vast stretches of the plains in search of their Zion. Bridger had conferred with Mormon leader Brigham Young about the accuracy of his on hand maps, and even spent time drawing a map of the region for him in the dirt. Stanley Vestal described this situation when he wrote, â€Å"All that Brigham had to go by were the maps prepared by Colonel John C. Fremont- and divine guidance. Old Jim had not heard of divine guidance, and said he was â€Å"ashamed of the maps of Fremont, who knew nothing about the country, only the plain travelled road, and that he (Bridger) could correct all the maps published of the western world. 2 These invaluable resources also included the ability to disseminate the information and details of the drawings and maps onto other pieces of parchment, or to communicate them verbally into written form within the pages of a journal or other medium. Within the pages of Osborne Russell’s book titled, Journal of a Trapper are some nine highly detailed maps and routes that take the reader along the many legs of his journeys from 1834-1843. His maps and drawings are an example of a man who was dedicated to the work he was undertaking, and for the detail and chronology that went into it. One such excerpt concerning these details was from Osborne’s journal from June 19, 1835 when he stated, â€Å"This country affords no timber except the quaking Asp which grows in small scrubby groves in the nooks and ravines among the hills 20th we left the waters of Gray’s Creek and crossed a low place in the mountain in an east direction fell on to a small stream running into Lewis’ fork-distance 10 mls. 21st travelled East following this stream to the mouth about 15 mls which [was] about 30 mls. Below the mouth of Salt River. †3 The techniques of hunting and survival were both crucial skills for the mountain men and the trapper. They each had unspoken rules and guidelines that they lived by on a daily basis, and were the ethos they lived by. They trusted their lives to those that they knew, and who with they had fought, and were highly skeptical of any outsiders. The mountain man rarely asked anyone for any kind of assistance, while he held his own standards and earned his daily keep. These men were richly versed in the art of setting up and breaking down a campsite, and could build survival shelters and out buildings that could easily withstand the harshest of winters. Mountain men were also skilled and versed in the field craft of hunting game, and known for not wasting any part of a kill. Weber described one of these situations when he noted, â€Å"His companions on that trip long remember how Huddart, crazed by thirst, stuck his head inside a freshly killed buffalo to drink its blood; the story continued to be told on the trail for at least another decade. 4 Some of the essentials that every frontiersman, hunter, and trapper would have on their body or near them at all times included the following: Moccasins and buckskins, a Russell Green River knife found at most trading posts or rendezvous, a trusty horse, a good, comfortable hat to keep the sun off of the face, a â€Å"possibles bag† that carried in it everything to care for and fire a rifle, and la stly, a reliable hunting rifle. Osborne describes his personal kit he carried with him, when he declared, â€Å"A trapper’s equipment in such cases is generally one animal upon which is placed one or two epishemores, (rectangles of buffalo robe which served as padding under the saddle, and as mattresses to sleep on), a riding saddle and bridle, a sack containing six beaver traps, a blanket with an extra pair of moccasins, his powder horn and bullet pouch, with a belt to which is attached a butcher knife, a wooden box containing bait for beaver, a tobacco sack with a pipe and implements for making fire, with sometimes a hatchet fastened to the pommel of the saddle. His personal dress is a flannel or cotton shirt (if he is fortunate enough to obtain one, if not antelope skin answers the purpose of over and undershirt), a pair of leather breeches with blanket or smoked buffalo skin leggings, a coat made of blanket or buffalo robe, a hat or cap of wool, buffalo or otter skin, his hose (socks) are pieces of blanket wrapped around his feet, which are covered with a pair of moccasins made of dressed deer, elk, or buffalo skins, with his long hair falling loosely over his shoulders, completes his uniform. He then mounts and places his rifle before him on his saddle. †5 In addition to the American Indian helping the mountain men and trappers with survival and hunting knowledge, mountain men also did the same for the Indian in return. Trappers and hunters were the first to introduce to the Indians the use of forged metals for hunting and survival. Large and small game traps were a valuable asset that could be used in multiple areas, and hunting rifles and knives were routinely traded and purchased by the American Indian to enhance and improve their way of life. Notes . Robert Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1998), 155. 2. Stanley Vestal, Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), 160. 3. Osborne Russell, Journal of a Trapper: In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press, 2001), 14. 4. Weber, David J. The Taos Tra ppers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), 73. 5. Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness: the Frontiersman’s Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 321. Bibliography Morgan, Dale. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1953). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press, 2001). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: or, Nine years in the Rocky Mountains, 1834-1843: being a general description of the country, climate, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. , and a view of the life by a hunter in those regions by Osborne Russell, ed. L. A. York (Boise: Syms-York, 1914). Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness: the Frontiersman’s Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974). Utley, Robert. A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1998). Vestal, Stanley. Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970). Weber, David J. The Taos Trappers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971). http://www. mountainsofstone. com/rendezvous. htm http://westernexplorers. us/FurTrade. html http://www. uintahbasintah. org/usmountainmen. htm How to cite Mountain Men and Merchants, Papers

Business Statistics Nonparametric Models

Question: Define the Business Statistics for Nonparametric Models . Answer: The level of measurement of the variable Size is nominal. This variable is measured in nominal scale as the values of the variable is differentiated based on the various sizes of the compact, midsize and large (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 2013). The level of measurement of displacement is ratio scale as the values of the variable are measured in numbers. The level of measurement of cylinders is ratio scale. This is because the values of the variable give the magnitude of the cylinders of different sizes. The level of measurement of drive is ordinal. This is because the variable is ordered according to their wheels. The variable is classified according to all wheel, front wheel and rear wheel which denotes the order of the variable. The level of measurement of the variable fuel type is ordinal (Gries, 2014). This is because the values of this variable are classified according to the premium fuel or regular fuel. The variable city MPG has the level of measurement as ratio scale. This is because the values of the variable have a particular magnitude that gives the fuel efficiency rating for the city driving in terms of miles per gallon. The level of measurement of the variable Hwy MPG is ratio scale. This is because the there is a particular value for the samples of this variable which gives the measure of fuel efficiency rating for highway driving in terms of miles per gallon. Refer to the excel file in the excel sheet Data MG14. The histogram of cylinders is given below: Figure 1: Histogram of the variable cylinders (Source: Created by author) The histogram of the variable cylinders show that the minimum value of the variable is 4 and the maximum value of the variable is 12. The frequency of maximum value of the variable cylinder is less. This shows that there are few cars that have maximum number of engines are 12. Most of the cars use 4, 6 or 8 engines. The histogram shows that the distribution of the variable is not normal, as the curve of the variable do not follow the curve of normal distribution. Refer to the excel sheet question f. The table of relative frequencies and percent frequencies for the frequency distribution of the variable cylinders is given below: values relative frequency 4 = (48 / 100) = 0.48 5 = (4 / 100) = 0.04 6 = (27 / 100) = 0.27 8 = (18 / 100) = 0.18 12 = (3 / 100) = 0.03 Table 1: Table of relative frequency of the variable cylinders (Source: created by author) values percentage frequency 4 = (48/100) * 100 = 48 5 = (4/ 100) * 100 = 4 6 = (27 / 100) * 100 = 27 8 = (18 / 100) * 100 = 18 12 = (3 / 100) * 100 = 3 Table 2: Table of percentage frequency of the variable Cylinders (Source: Created by author) Refer to the excel sheet question h. The pivot table constructed in excel is given below: Count of Cylinders Column Labels Row Labels 4 5 6 8 12 Grand Total Compact 24 4 6 3 1 38 Large 3 4 12 1 20 Midsize 21 17 3 1 42 Grand Total 48 4 27 18 3 100 Table 3: Pivot table using size as row label, cylinders as column label and count of cylinders as the values of the pivot table (Source: created by author) The probabilities are calculated using the pivot table created in the variable cylinders: Total number of cylinders is 100. Number of cars that have 4 cylinders is 48. The probability of selecting 4 cylinders at random is given by (48 / 100) = 0.48. It was seen that the total number of cars is 100. Number of cars whose size is compact; i.e. small size is 38. The probability of randomly selecting a car, which has small size is given by (38 / 100) = 0.38. The total number of cars chosen as samples is 100. The number of cars, which are small, is 38 and the number of cars which have 4 engines is 48. The number of small cars who have 4 engines is 24. The probability of selecting small cars which have 4 engines is given by 24 / 100 = 0.24. The descriptive statistics calculated for the variable City MPG is given below: City MPG Mean 19.96 Standard Error 0.468593425 Median 19 Mode 18 Standard Deviation 4.68593425 Sample Variance 21.9579798 Kurtosis 3.204308984 Skewness 1.073940138 Range 30 Minimum 11 Maximum 41 Sum 1996 Count 100 Largest(1) 41 Smallest(1) 11 Confidence Level (95.0%) 0.929790993 Table 4: descriptive statistics of City MPG (Source: created by author) The descriptive statistics calculated for the variable Hwy MPG is given below: Hwy MPG Mean 28.93 Standard Error 0.520538765 Median 29 Mode 29 Standard Deviation 5.205387652 Sample Variance 27.09606061 Kurtosis 0.059249286 Skewness 0.163426126 Range 24 Minimum 18 Maximum 42 Sum 2893 Count 100 Largest(1) 42 Smallest(1) 18 Confidence Level (95.0%) 1.032861815 Table 5.: descriptive statistics of Hwy MPG (Source: created by author) On performing descriptive statistics on the variable City MPG, the mean value was found to be 19.96 while the value of standard deviation was found to be 4.68. It can be interpreted that the mean fuel efficiency rating for the city driving in miles per gallon is 19.96. The value of standard deviation is medium. It can be interpreted that the spread of fuel efficiency rating for city driving is deviated moderately from its mean value. The descriptive statistics of the variable Hwy MPG shows that the mean value of the variable was 28.93 and the standard deviation of the variable was 5.20. It can be interpreted that the average rating of fuel efficiency for driving on highway in terms of miles per gallon is 28.93 (Weiss and Weiss, 2012). The rating shows that the efficiency of the fuel for driving on highways is high as the average value is high. The value of standard deviation shows that the efficiency of fuels deviates moderately from the mean with a value of 5.20. The deviation of the variable shows that the efficiency of fuels for driving on highway variers moderately across the cars. The sample of City MPG and Hwy MPG drawn from its population is not given to follow normal distribution. Thus, it is assumed that the distribution of the population is t-distribution where the standard error of the population would be estimated from the sample drawn from the population and it would be used instead of standard deviation. In order to calculate the margin of error for 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population of the variable City MPG, the standard error of the variable is found by (standard deviation / sqrt (n) = 4.68 / 10 = 0.468. The 95% critical value of this variable following t-distribution and having degree of freedom as 99 is given as 1.66. Therefore, the margin of error of City MPG at 95% confidence interval when the variable follows t-distribution is given by 1.66 * 0.468 = 0.7769. In order to calculate the margin of error for 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population of the variable Hwy MPG, the standard error of the variable is found by (standard deviation / sqrt (n) = 5.20/ 10 = 0.520. The variable follows t-distribution and has the degrees of freedom as 99 (Bickel and Lehmann, 2012). The value of 95% confidence interval having 99 degrees of freedom is 1.66 (Kock, 2013). The margin of error for the variable Hwy MPG is 1.66 * 0.52 = 0.8632. The 95% confidence interval for population mean of the variable City MPG is given by mean +(-) 1.66* standard error (Huang and Bentler, 2015). The lower 95% interval is given by 19.96 (1.66 * 0.468) = 19.183 and the upper 95% interval is given by 19.96 + (1.66 * 0.468) = 20.736. The 95% confidence interval is given by 20.736 19.183 = 1.554. It can be interpreted that the 0.95 probability of containing the population mean is 1.554. The 95% confidence interval for population mean of the variable Hwy MPG is given by mean +(-) 1.66* standard error. The lower 95% interval is given by 28.93 (1.66*0.520) = 28.067 and the upper 95% interval is given by 28.93 + (1.66*0.520) = 29.793. The 95% confidence interval of Hwy MPG is given by 29.793 28.067 = 1.726. It can be interpreted that 0.95 probability of containing the population mean for this variable is 1.726. 0854 give the covariance between the variable Displacement and City MPG. The correlation between the variable Displacement and City MPG is given by -0.72805. 0837 give the covariance between the variable Displacement and Hwy MPG. The correlation between the variable Displacement and Hwy MPG is given by -0.81555. The correlation coefficient between Displacement and City MPG was found to be -0.72805. It is seen that there is a strong negative relationship between the two variables. It can be interpreted that the change in one variable would have a strong effect on the other variable but in the opposite direction (Sang et al., 2016). This suggests that more is the value of Displacement less is the value of City MPG. The correlation between Displacement and Hwy MPG was found to be -0.81555, which defines a strong negative association between these two variables. It can be interpreted that the change in one variable would strongly influence the change in another variable in the opposite direction (Shu and Nan, 2014). This suggests that higher the change in Displacement, lower is the value of Hwy MPG. References Bickel, P.J. and Lehmann, E.L., 2012. Descriptive statistics for nonparametric models IV. Spread. InSelected Works of EL Lehmann(pp. 519-526). Springer US. Gries, S.T., 2014. Frequency tables: tests, effect sizes, and explorations.Glynn D, Robinson J. Polysemy and synonymy: corpus methods and applications in cognitive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Huang, Y. and Bentler, P.M., 2015. Behavior of asymptotically distribution free test statistics in covariance versus correlation structure analysis.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,22(4), pp.489-503. Kock, N., 2013. Using WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies: Descriptive Statistics, Settings.Interdisciplinary Applications of Electronic Collaboration Approaches and Technologies,62. Pedhazur, E.J. and Schmelkin, L.P., 2013.Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. Psychology Press. Sang, Y., Dang, X. and Sang, H., 2016. Symmetric Gini Covariance and Correlation.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02332. Shu, H. and Nan, B., 2014. Large covariance/correlation matrix estimation for temporal data.arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.5059. Weiss, N.A. and Weiss, C.A., 2012.Introductory statistics. London: Pearson Education.

Ruth Chris Case Study free essay sample

Dan Hannah, Vice President for Business Development at Ruth’s Chris, uniquely American and successful Steakhouse restaurant was responsible for the development of new business strategy focused on continued growth and company operated restaurants. Even though current restaurants were seeing consistent incremental growth, new restaurants were critical. Hannah knew that the international opportunities offered a tremendous upside. There are currently 10 successful locations internationally. These locations include Canada, Mexico, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Based on the fact that these international locations were doing well and seem to be the path to increased revenue, Hannah decided that he would adhere to the ‘market development’ model. Hannah proceeded to look at market criterias, competition and the meat/beef consumption rate per region/country throughout the world in order find the best suitable locations to grow Ruth’s Chris chain of restaurants internationally. ISSUE IDENTIFICATION Ruths Chris senior team to locate new international markets to increase stores whether owned or franchised, in order to increase revenue. We will write a custom essay sample on Ruth Chris Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The criterias that have eliminated some of the potential prospects include: Liquid net worth of at least $1US million Verifiable experience within the hospitality industry Ability to desire and develop multiple locations Cost of Franchise $100,000US A 5% gross sales royalty fee 2% of gross sales fee as a contribution to the national advertising campaign For Market Selection Criteria, some concerns were: Looking for market that includes beef eaters – people who enjoy eating beef Markets where it is legal to import beef from US Population – high urbanization rates High disposable income Locations where people do go out to eat Locate markets that werent anti – US as Ruths Chris is uniquely American. ALTERNATIVES AND OPTONS: (1) Amend/Extend contracts with international Franchisees to offer: †¢Extension of franchisee territories to allow larger geographical growth within that country †¢extend length of contract in order to give more time to expand within larger territories Pros: (i)These franchisees are already in the international countries and have a better suitable eye for opportunities. Allowing a larger territory, extended time and opportunity for these international franchisee to successfully grow, will be beneficial for Ruths Chris growth internationally. (ii) May increase business partnership with other business owners and potentially replace restaurant competition Cons: (i)These international franchisees may make a bad decision to grow where there is not enough revenue, and could potentially create a bad reputation for Ruths Chris. (ii)This may take time away from current store and level of service may decrease. (iii) This doesn’t expand outside of current international countries To implement an incentive program among current international franchisees. Measurables to be: †¢company owned incentive after X amount of years, driving X amount of sales †¢Number of restaurant expansion within geographical reach, within that country or within a neighboring country †¢Consistency with service and food quality with every restaurant †¢Build future business partnership across that country Pros: (i)Motivation to international franchisees to grow (ii)Increased revenue (iii)Similar cultures of pairing up current franchisees with neighboring countries Cons: (i) Cost associated with incentive Source an equivalent grade of meat to USDA meat locally at potential international markets Pros: (i)Save costs with importing of beef Cons: (i)Time to source quality of meat (ii)Consistency of quality of meat – may not be the same quality every time (iii) Selecting the right market i. e if grade of meat is available, doesn’t mean the market is attractive i. e is it high urbanization? , do people eat out?.. etc. (4) Advertise and publicize the quality of meats/food within international markets that shows a high meat consumption rate such as Central America/Caribbean, Asia and all developing countries. Some advertising techniques may include: †¢Taste sampling at local/public events and shows †¢TV advertising †¢Partner with wineries, beer companies etc to introduce quality of meats †¢Caribbean resorts restaurants Pros: (i)Introduce the quality of food to international markets. (ii)Build relations with potential franchisees in these countries Cons: (i)Very costly – includes a dedicated Ruths Chris team, Travel, Operating costs (ii)Time – need dedicated time for presentation (5) Locate where the top fine dining steak houses are in the world. Already identified are some top steak houses Mortons, Flemmings, Palm, Capital Grill. Identify where these are in the US and/or the world. These restaurants will already be in locations that include beef eaters, high urbanization, people who go out, and people with high disposable incomes. Pros: (i)Less time to survey where the best location is (ii)Good method to identify target areas internationally Cons: (i)Revenue may not be as high as these competitions may already have established most if not all of the customers in that area. RECOMMENDATION Tool: To implement an Incentive program among current international franchisees – Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mexico to reach to nearby countries to expand locations internationally Definition: A program that allows current international franchisees to be rewarded by taking the ownership to expand, challenges themselves, grow, improve service, be consistent with food quality and increase revenue outside of their known territories i. e other potential international markets. This incentive program may include: †¢Start up funds to obtain real estate for new location †¢Reduced advertising agency fees †¢Public Recognition which will only enhance current stores revenue †¢Internal employee/franchisee recognition – wall plaque †¢Discounts for Franchisee family travel once a year to other locations †¢Potential for other business partners e. g. Beverage industries worldwide *this comes with public recognition It is essential to identify where in the world are the potential Ruths Chris stores will be located. Based on the meat consumption rate sheet in Exhibit 3, its already been identified that the top 5 markets are Central America, Caribbean, Asia, Developing countries and middle income countries. Increase territories for the current 10 international Franchisees. Allow for these franchisees to expand to neighboring countries. For example, Central America shows the meat consumption growth rate to be 13. 5%, hence allowing current Franchisee in Mexico to reach across to Central America and Caribbean. At the same time, current Franchisee Hong Kong and Taiwan can be of reach to Asia and other developing countries as their meat consumption rate is between 8. 65% to 9. 45%. These current franchisee may choose to expand or own Ruths Chris in these new international markets. With proof that when Ruths Chris current international franchisee reaches out to these markets, the incentive program will motivate them to keep expanding and looking for ideas, locations and partners to improve revenue. Communication is key to all Franchisees. This will allow transparency to how all international franchisee are performing in building new markets. Monthly or quarterly reports from Franchisee required to show that processes are being adhered to in order to mitigate any potential risks to the name – Ruths Chris and to any confidential recipes that go along with the name. All government documentation required to ensure all steps are legal. Customer survey feedback needs to be obtained to show that the new locations are aligned with Ruths Chris current level of food quality and service consistency. IMPLEMENTATION (a) Ruths Chriss senior management team will source, support, develop, communicate and deliver this Incentive Program. (b) The Incentive program will motivate current international franchisees to expand, grow in other international markets, thus increasing revenue and bringing exposure of service level and food quality to these markets. This Incentive program will be developed and communicated in one month. Rewards of this program can be awarded as early as the next 3 months. (d)This Incentive program is supported by Ruths Chris on a worldwide network MONITOR AND CONTROL (a) Number of international locations (b) Total revenue of each new location (c) Level of market captured by new locations (d) Customer service survey results (e) Time it took to expand to new market

Free Essays on Marriage In The Middle Ages

As human beings, we often spend our entire lives living to be loved and searching for our â€Å"soul mate.† In response to this need for love and companionship, the tradition of marriage was brought into existence. The idea of a "perfect" wedding has drastically changed over the years; however, if we examine history, we will find that no other era was as influential towards marriage as the Middle Ages. One might say the medieval marriages were the building blocks to what marriage is today. The appropriate age to get married in the Middle Ages was much younger than what we see today. Grooms, on the average, were much older than their brides. More than three-fourths of all women were married before they reached the age of nineteen; however, there were cases of noble women not marrying until twenty-four. Couples typically married as soon as they reached maturity or were able to have children. Love, however, was not seen as a necessity. This is a result of the medieval belief that the sole purpose of marriage was to reproduce. Most couples weren't married by choice; rather the majority of marriages were arranged. This custom allowed families control over who their children spent the rest of their lives with. Marriage laws in the Middle Ages were very strict, yet to the point. Each marriage custom had laws to go along with it; if these laws were not upheld, legal action could be taken. The council of Westminster decided in 1076 that no man should give his daughter or female relative to anyone without religious blessing. Later, councils would decide that marriage should not be secret but held in the open. Marriage became a public confession of two people's love for one another. Witnesses are and were always present at a wedding to ensure its validity. Many of the wedding customs followed by medieval couples are still carried out today. Even in medieval marriage vows, the couple's promise to each other was sealed with a kiss which symbo... Free Essays on Marriage In The Middle Ages Free Essays on Marriage In The Middle Ages As human beings, we often spend our entire lives living to be loved and searching for our â€Å"soul mate.† In response to this need for love and companionship, the tradition of marriage was brought into existence. The idea of a "perfect" wedding has drastically changed over the years; however, if we examine history, we will find that no other era was as influential towards marriage as the Middle Ages. One might say the medieval marriages were the building blocks to what marriage is today. The appropriate age to get married in the Middle Ages was much younger than what we see today. Grooms, on the average, were much older than their brides. More than three-fourths of all women were married before they reached the age of nineteen; however, there were cases of noble women not marrying until twenty-four. Couples typically married as soon as they reached maturity or were able to have children. Love, however, was not seen as a necessity. This is a result of the medieval belief that the sole purpose of marriage was to reproduce. Most couples weren't married by choice; rather the majority of marriages were arranged. This custom allowed families control over who their children spent the rest of their lives with. Marriage laws in the Middle Ages were very strict, yet to the point. Each marriage custom had laws to go along with it; if these laws were not upheld, legal action could be taken. The council of Westminster decided in 1076 that no man should give his daughter or female relative to anyone without religious blessing. Later, councils would decide that marriage should not be secret but held in the open. Marriage became a public confession of two people's love for one another. Witnesses are and were always present at a wedding to ensure its validity. Many of the wedding customs followed by medieval couples are still carried out today. Even in medieval marriage vows, the couple's promise to each other was sealed with a kiss which symbo...

Week 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Week 1 - Essay Example Chinatown first noticeable thematic device is the presence of an anti-hero protagonist who, although is basically a good guy, makes questionable moral decisions.  Gittes comes out as the prototypical noir style detective (Miller, Vandome and McBrewster 15). He is a solitary searching hero who comes out as someone with questionable moral attitude.Gittes indecisive morals are most of the times augmented and reflected in the people that are around him throughout the film. He is the good guy of the film, but his big ego at times drives him in making decisions that are questionable. This private investigator finds himself following his ego and ends up thinking he is ahead of the rest when in real sense he is the one who has been left behind. Gittes desperation in trying to assist the femme fatale of the film results in ruining her. Apart from the inducts of the anti hero protagonist, he comes out as a good guy. The plot of this film is full of deceit, greed and murder (Miller, Vandome and McBrewster 10). The audience is told the story through the central character who happens to be a former cop turned private detective. The good guy of the film, Gittes, tries very hard to seek the truth and to try to ensure that the good morals that are lacking in some characters are restored.. He starts with a case of adultery, but ends up getting caught in the middle of murder cases as well as the lies and conspiracies that appear to be entwined into the evil side of humanity. This investigator finds himself in more criminal case when he finally meets Evelyn. He entangles himself in case of corruption and even falls for Evelyn making the issues even more complicated and leaving the viewers questioning his decisions (Miller, Vandome and McBrewster 10). China town, though a film that was shot in the 1974, still has some feelings associated with the traditional film noir style. Some of the feeling can be traced to the cinematography that has been

GENCO product life-cycle reverse logistics support policy Research Paper

GENCO product life-cycle reverse logistics support policy - Research Paper Example The company has automated its operations that make it easier to handle loads and load of reverse goods that they are contracted for. GENCO has centralized its operations to manage goods sent to the customer through its systems. It ensures there are feedback and direct communication for fast flow of goods from the supplier or corporation to the customer. The company also has a system that conducts the reverse logistics from the retailer to the vendor. There is also a product recall management system within GENCO that deals with recalling of goods that are defective, spoilt or have been rejected due to other circumstances. There is also an inspection, repair and testing of the products that are to be sent to the customers. This is in the policy of the company of reverse logistics support. There is also recycling services under this policy of the company. The policy describes the recycling procedures that are an end – of – life process of the goods. It is aimed to maximize the reusing of all the components and the raw materials and also to regulate the disposal of the complainant. Logistics in GENCO has a policy that performs all these processes explained

Effect of Personality on Career Choice

Effect of Personality on Career Choice Which personality factors would be most likely to inform an ambitious choice of career? Discuss in reference to concepts drawn from at least two theories of personality. Personality is a set of psychological processes which emerges from our brain, which defined as ongoing natures that craft the characteristic patterns of interaction with individual’s environment (Goldberg, 1993; Olver and Mooradian, 2003; Parks and Guay, 2009). The relationship between personality and career planning has been researched for decades suggesting that there is a significant relationship between personality factors and career choices, however, practically, wrong career choice are made due to the ignorance of specific personality type of the individuals (Roberts and Robins, 2000; Onoyase and Onoyase, 2009; Hirschi et al., 2010; Gunkel, Schlaegel, Langella, Peluchette, 2010; Hussain et. al , 2012). Therefore, the objective of this article is to discuss compatibilities among career choice decisions and the personality type of the incumbents opting for job because people make decisions of their career choices based on their personality types (Onoyase and Onoyase, 2009 ; Hussain et al., 2012). The first theory that is discussed is on Carl G Jung’s belief personality. His theory led to a self-reported psychological preference framework known as The Myers Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI) which is developed by Kathryn Briggs and Isabel Myers Briggs. The combination of the descriptions of each of the four preferences of the MBTI make up 16 possible personality factors (Blackford, 2010), which indicates the strength of the preference for each dimension (Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013). Fretwell, Lewis, and Hannay (2013) explained that Extraversion and Introversion index reflect where individual prefer to focus their attention, the extroverts receive their sources of energy from the outside world of people, the interactions with people and things are their main focus, and urged to be involved in things. They work quickly and dislike complicated procedures, but they can be impatient at long slow jobs. They prefer oral communication and can communicate freely with others that is why they tend to fall towards careers where there are interactions with others. Where else Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay (2013) explained that for introverts energy comes from the inner world of experience including, concepts, thoughts and ideas. Introvert Individuals tend to be more into facts and more idealistic which explain and underlie what goes on in the world. They tend to gravitate towards careers where ideas need to understood and organised. Introverts are more contemplative, like quiet co ncentration, are careful with details and enjoy working on one project for a long time. They are content to work alone and prefer to utilize written communication (Filbeck et al., 2005; McPherson, 1999; Myers McCaulley, 1989; Opt Loffredo, 2003; Tan Tiong, 1999; Varvel et al., 2004; Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013). The Sensing and Intuition Index reflects how individual receives information around him and perceive the world (Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013). Sensing Individual choose concrete details of a situation using their five senses to discern facts or events (Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013). Sensing types (Blackford, 2010). Individual with intuitive focus on looking at the overall experience as a whole, relying on a sixth sense or personal hunches or insight rather than on the five senses. They enjoy novelty, change and the unusual. Sensing types tend to be more realistic, practical and tend to be attracted to work where the products can be seen and measured while intuitive types focus on the future and the possibilities that it holds and more attracted to work which requires the big picture, a future orientation, such as strategic planning. (Filbeck et al., 2005; Fox-Hines Bowersock, 1995; McPherson, 1999; Myers McCaulley, 1989; Opt Loffredo, 2003; Tan Tiong, 1999; Varvel et al., 200 4; Blackford, 2010; Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013. The Thinking and Feeling index are basic mental processes that reflects the partialities of individuals’ decision making, data processing, and evaluation of perceptions. Logic, facts, and fairness are preference of thinking individuals. They Objective driven and the application of principles to a decision. They are often uncomfortable dealing with the feelings of others. Thinking individuals are more drawn towards careers which require logical analysis such as science, engineering and finance. Those with a feeling preference use personal or social values when making decisions. Their decisions are more subjective in nature, and they consider the impact that their decisions will have on others. They enjoy pleasing others and are more likely to offer appreciation and sympathy. Feeling types individual are drawn to careers where communicating, teaching and helping are valuable tools. (Filbeck et al., 2005; Fox-Hines Bowersock, 1995; McPherson, 1999; Myers McCaulley, 1989; Opt L offredo, 2003; Tan Tiong, 1999; Varvel et al., 2004; Blackford, 2010; Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013). Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay (2013) explained that The Judging and Perceiving index looks at how individual’s preference in organizing and orienting themselves to the external world. Individuals who uses a judging mental processes to focus on leading an organized and orderly life. They are punctual, orderly, seek closure, and prefer control over their lives through detailed planning and collecting enough data to make a decision. They are action-oriented, decisive, and may see things as black and white, which can manifest itself as a closed-minded attitude. Those with a perceiving mental process, they are more spontaneous and open to new ideas. They are more flexible and relaxed; they go with the flow, and resent time constraints because they keep their options open for new developments, deferring decisions in case something new and interesting turns up. They see more greys and tend to be more open-minded. These individuals prefer to adapt to situations rather than control them (Fi lbeck et al., 2005; Fox-Hines Bowersock, 1995; McPherson, 1999; Myers McCaulley, 1989; Varvel et al., 2004; Blackford, 2010; Fretwell, Lewis, Hannay, 2013). After reviewing each personality factors in the Myers Briggs Type Inventory, Davies (2008) concluded that itis a personality preference rather than a trait instrument. There are no right or wrong answers or better or worse personality types to be in making a career choice. All the sixteen possible personality types are good and have the potential for development. Blackford (2010) acknowleged that the MBTI is not about pigeon-holing people and forcing them into one box, rather to raise awareness of one’s own strengths and areas for development. However, Different theory have different explanation too, like the Five-Dimension Personality Model also known as the Big Five Model in personality research (Goldberg, 1992; Sucier and Goldberg, 1998; Hussain et al., 2012). The Model consist of five personality trait, first,opennessess to experience which is the inclination to be imaginative, independent, and interested in variety (Hussain et al., 2012). Conscientiousness is the affinity to be prepared, chary, and disciplined. Third, Extraversion which is the propensity to be gregarious, fun-loving, and warm (Hussain et al., 2012). Fourth, the tendency to be sympathetic, trusting, and supportive is termed as Agreeableness (Hussain et al., 2012). Lastly, the tendency to be anxious, emotionally unstable and self-blaming known as neuroticism (Goldberg, 1993; Hussain et al., 2012). According to Hussain et. al, (2012), he actually associated a few of the career choices with the Five Factor Models, as he made a few claims based on the career choice such as managers and executives, where the job scope requires individual to manage or execute things perfectly demands strong social interaction ability in individuals and it demands attitude ready to accept changes in external environment (Hussain et al., 2012). First he claimed that, individuals who is either ranked high on conscientiousness and agreeableness will do better in such career because as they have to manage the things on right time, be well predicted in an investigative style (Judge et al., 1999; Hussain et al., 2012) and ready to perform their operations for smooth run of their organization (Hussain et al., 2012). Second, low in neuroticism level because managers and leaders have to deal with decision makin, money and other resource pressures which tend to make them fright, traumatic and emotionally unst ablized. Therefore, there is a need to be emotionally strong and have capability to cope up with certain pressures in a well mannered and realistic way (Judge et al., 1999; Hussain et al., 2012) way. Lastly, ranked average on openess to experience and extraversion will too, do better in such careers, because in order to allow negotiations to be successful, they need to at least have moderate capability of arguing and clarifying their point of view easily and conventionally (Barrick and Mount, 1991; Hussain et al., 2012). On the aspect of career choice like Entrepreneurship, Individuals with high ranking on openness to experience and conscientiousness take broad initiative and risky moves (Howard and Howard, 1995; Hussain et al., 2012). to start new projects and to expand their businesses in more dynamic world (Zhao and Seibert, 2006; Hussain et al., 2012). More the experience and interactions they have, more they will perceive the pits and falls in operationalisation of their new schemes and plans (Ackerman and Beier, 2003; Hussain et al., 2012). Moreover, high openness to experience of someone helps him out in learning and adapting new changes in their surroundings (Zhao and Seibert, 2006; Hussain et. al, 2012). In this way, they will more likely be effective in coping up hindrances and difficulties faced by them (Aldridge, 1997; Hussain et. al, 2012). Entrepreneurs have to deal with risk and returns always, so, they must be very conscious and careful in their investments (Barrick and Mount, 1991; H ussain et. al, 2012) in order to achieve the optimal results and to maximize their returns. They need to be compact and managed in their acts for the smooth run of their business (Zhao and Seibert, 2006; Hussain et. al, 2012). Therefore, a high rank on the conscientiousness personality trait helps them to be very careful and best planners (Aldridge, 1997; Hussain et. al, 2012). or high on neuroticism perso nality trait will perform better in career choice in entrepreneurs. Individual who decide on non-profit oriented and social professions there is a keen need to feel for others and have tendency to help out others sacrificing own rest, peace and some time resources (Barrick and Mount, 1991; Hussain et. al, 2012). Secondly, there must also be a propensity to trust others and to interact with others. Lastly, emotions are need of these professions but they should also be at least strong enough not to be depressed enough that can derail their will power and dominance to exhibit their internal strengths (Cattell and Mead, 2008; Hussain et. al, 2012). Therefore, individual with high agreeableness and extraversion personality traits or average on neuroticism scale will excel more likely in non-profit or social making and helping profession (Hussain et. al, 2012). Public Sector professionals demand self-discipline, self-control, management and conscientiousness in each step in order to succeed. Punctuality and practicality are the key symbols of public sector organizations. People with sound emotional capabilities are more likely to be accomplishing their given assignments rather than who fail in stressful and time bound environment (Cattell and Mead, 2008). People who rank high on conscientiousness or low on neuroticism are more likely to excel in public sector careers in their life. Scientists and researchers or other practitioner shave to cope up with different complex nature of problems and obstacles that need more than an ordinary look. For that, they need to be very experienced, sensitive, open to learn and perceive new things and to deduce newness from old rigid thoughts (Cattell and Mead, 2008). The more a person is exposed to an environment, the more he or she will have the capability and strength to cover all aspects of single problem. Therefore, he or she will be more likely to introduce new ways of solving a single problem. (Ackerman and Beier, 2003, Capretz, 2003). Individual ranking high on openessness or low on extraversion to experience are more likely to be successful in research, science and engineering cadres. In conclusion, different personality factors such as the traits from Five Factor Model can indicate a striving motivation to attain ambitious career choice. Ambitious career such as entrepreneurship, managerial or executive positions and social or non-profit organization professions, has been demonstrated to have relate to personality factors such as Conscientiousness, Openness to experiences, Agreeableness and Extraversion. A high level of conscientiousness and openness to experiences seems to relate to pursing of entrepreneurship and managerial positions. On the other hand, a high level of agreeableness and extraversion seems to relate to pursuing a career of social or non-profit professions field. In addition, individuals who are high in neuroticism are less likely to pursue ambitious choice of career as they are often too overwhelmed by their emotions, which impact their ability in making major choices and handle pressure which is unavoidable in an ambitious career. Furthermore, a moderately high in psychoticism may be acceptable as it could aid in pursing ambitious career such as scientist, as it requires highly creative thinking style to achieve impactful discovery, but further research in this area still needs to be examine in order to obtain more credibility. Overall, all of the traits in Five Factor Model (Except neuroticism) and Psychoticism are likely to inform an ambitious career choice.