`` Ballad Of Birmingham `` By Randall Dudley - 1332 Words

A girl, so very young, who already knows what a freedom march means has no idea what she will experience. A scared mother who does not want her little girl to see what is going on has no idea what is fixing to happen. Randall Dudley’s â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham,† gives a clear vision of what happened this day in 1963. The bombing at the 16th street baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama was a tragic event for the ones in this time. The poem shows the social and historical context of what exactly was going on during this time. The author, Randall Dudley, was born on January 14, 1914. He was born in Washington D.C. but moved to Detroit in 1920. Randall was an African American poet, publisher, editor, and founder of Broadside Press. Broadside†¦show more content†¦So the little girl dresses in a white dress, shoes, and gloves to leave to go to the church. Her mother thinks the church is much safer for her. The little girl leaves and the mother hears a loud explosion . She immediately runs to the church to see what had happened. Her daughter is nowhere to be found. The only thing the mother could find was one of her daughters little white shoes. Stated in an article from the online database,†The 16th Street church was the first and largest black church in Birmingham. Located in the heart of downtown, it was known to host such historic figures as Thurgood Marshall, W.E.B. DuBois, and, later, Hillary Clinton, as well as a junior senator from Illinois who would later become America s first black president. During the 1960s, 16th Street was the hub of the city s civil-rights activities. There, civil-rights activists strategized, held mass meetings, sponsored rallies, and planned demonstrations in the fight against segregation.† It also states, â€Å"At the height of the civil-rights movement, Birmingham was known as Bombingham. By the fall of 1963, there had been more than 80 unsolved bombings in the city, including at the home of A.D K ing, Martin Luther King Jr. s brother.† â€Å"It was a moment that the world would never forget, Lonnie Bunch told The Washington Post.† During this time period, it was an era in American history that many Americans never want to happen again. The era when segregation wasShow MoreRelatedBallad Of Birmingham By Dudley Randall1549 Words   |  7 Pageslives of the citizens attending the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. Four young black girls died in the bombing, inspiring poet Dudley Randall to write his powerful poem, â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham.† Through his poetry, Randall influenced change in the Civil Rights movement, and by owning the largest printing press of the 1960s, played a huge role in the Black Arts Movement. Dudley Randall’s ballad, â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham,† expresses his feelings of helplessness and sorrow after the tragicRead MoreBallad Of Birmingham, By Dudley Randall1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe poem I chose to write about is called â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham,† by Dudley Randall, (Lit. Kirszner Mandell, 2012 pg. 378 ). This poem is about one of the four little African-American girls that were killed in a church bombing that was orchestrated by white supremacists back in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. The 1960s were a tumultuous decade for America, particularly on the off chance that you lived in the southern portion of the nation. It was pretty obvious that the Southern states were stillRead More Ballad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesBallad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall In Ballad of Birmingham, Dudley Randall illustrates a conflict between a child who wishes to march for civil rights and a mother who wishes only to protect her child. Much of this poem is read as dialogue between a mother and a child, a style which gives it an intimate tone and provides insight to the feelings of the characters. Throughout the poem the child is eager to go into Birmingham and march for freedom with the people there. The mother, on theRead MoreBallad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall Essays693 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Ballad of Birmingham resembles a traditional ballad in that it tells a story in a song-like manner. The didactic tone seeks to teach us something; in this case it’s the theme of needless destruction. There are many devices the author uses to create such a tone and to tell such a story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First of all, the most visible element of importance is the irony. A kid dying in a church where his mom told him to go to be safe is very ironic andRead MoreThe Real Life Events Illustrated in The Ballad of Birmingham, by Dudley Randall525 Words   |  3 PagesThe tragic poem, â€Å"The Ballad of Birmingham,† begins with a young child asking an imploring question to her mother, â€Å"May I go downtown instead of out to play† (Randall, 669)? The author, Dudley Randall, illustrates the conflict and irony between the mother and her child. The mother only wants to protect her child from the dangers that await her, but the child on the other hand, only wants to be a part of the Freedom March in Birmingham, Alabama. â€Å"The Ballad of Birmingham† was written about the realRead MoreThe Ballad Of Birmingham Poem1385 Words   |  6 Pagesnever met before. Imagine your child making world news and being put in history books because of the evil negligence of another fellow American. This reality was true for the families of the victims in the Ballad of Birmingham poem. In my opinion, this is a well structured essay by Dudley Randall which describes minutes before an innocent girl dies in one of the most unimaginable ways. I believe losing her child is a hard thing for a mother to go through. I enjoy the end rhyme and the ability forRead MoreDudley Randalls Poem Ballad of Birmingham Essay examples563 Words   |  3 PagesDudley Randall was born on January 19, 1914 in Washington D.C. and died on August 2, 2000 in Southfield, Michigan. His mother Ada Viloa was a teacher and his father Arthur George Clyde Randall was a Congregational minister. His father was very much into politics because of that Dudley and his brother would listen to prominent black speakers. When Randall was about nine years old he and his family move to Detroit, Michigan in 1920. By the time he was thirteen he had his first poem published in theRead MoreFigure Of Speech InBallad Of Birmingham, By Dudley Randall1059 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Ballad of Birmingham† is a ba llad written by Dudley Randall. A literary ballad is a poem that tells a short story in a simple narrative and is not accompanied by music. In this ballad, Randall tells the story of an African American mother and her child living in the 1960s. In this period of time African Americans and other minority groups where segregated and denied their Humans Rights. To analyze a poem, you have to first analyze or find the literary elements of the poem to get an idea of the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Ballad Of Birmingham 1121 Words   |  5 Pagesright and it ultimately blows up in your face. This poem written by Dudley Randall   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ballad of Birmingham† is a world shattering and ironic story of a mother trying to keep her daughter out of harm’s way, and it ultimately failed. Randall wrote his poem in dialogue to show a conversation between mother and daughter. As well as that, dialogue is used to show the hardships of growing up black especially in the 1960s.   However Randall also uses irony as an unexpected twist. Lastly he uses imagery to expressRead MoreA Historical Look Into the â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham1102 Words   |  5 PagesA Historical Look into the â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham The â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham is a shocking poem that was written by Dudley Randall about a bombing of an African American church in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The bombing of the church was racially motivated and resulted in the death of four innocent African American girls and was the turning point in the United States 1960s Civil Rights Movement. In Dudley’s poem he has taken such a sad event and turned it into a poem showing the racially motivated

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Mountain Men and Merchants Free Essays

Mountain Men and Merchants; How the West was Explored and Tamed Chad D. Ramsey Student #4101887 History 300 Professor Tracy Derks December 15th 2011 During the beginning and throughout the 19th century, mountain men, trappers and merchants of the fur trade made a vital impact on the development of the previously uncharted West. These men came primarily from the East coast of the United States with a desire for adventure and the calling of a better life. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountain Men and Merchants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men like James Bridger, Jedediah Smith, Osborne Russell, Warren Ferris and numerous others left with expedition teams with what they could carry on their backs and on pack animals to explore the Western frontier. While these men appeared to be brave, and experienced some of the harshest conditions that the West had to offer, they were not alone, nor without help in the frontier. The mountain man had to forge relationships over the years with a key ally he would need to survive, the American Indian. Many members of these tribes, most notably, the Crow, Flathead, Cheyenne, and Shoshone helped these mountain men in their education and understanding of the complexities of the relatively unexplored area. These adventurers, frontiersmen, and trappers were also an industrious cross section of society, who played a vital part in the history of the United States. While American Indians helped Mountain Men to explore the rugged West and were a vital link to route exploration and survival techniques, it was the trappers’ writings, maps and fur trading that played a more important role in the development and exploration of the West. One of the most important roles that these Mountain Men played initially, was that of cartographers. The rough sketching, and understanding of the layout of the land and of cardinal direction, were key ingredients for the success of the Mountain Man. Utley described these talents in Mountain Man Warren Ferris when he observed, â€Å"By Ferris’s time, most trappers could visualize a map of the American West more accurate and comprehensive than existed anywhere on aper. Some of what they saw, and knew, leaked out through St. Louis newspapers or spread by word of mouth. Most, However, remained locked in their minds, awaiting the intermediary equipped by training and skill to lay it before the literate world. †1 During the summer of 1847, proclaimed Mountain Man Jim Bridger had already been assisting the early Mormon pioneers who had been crossing the vast stretches of the plains in search of their Zion. Bridger had conferred with Mormon leader Brigham Young about the accuracy of his on hand maps, and even spent time drawing a map of the region for him in the dirt. Stanley Vestal described this situation when he wrote, â€Å"All that Brigham had to go by were the maps prepared by Colonel John C. Fremont- and divine guidance. Old Jim had not heard of divine guidance, and said he was â€Å"ashamed of the maps of Fremont, who knew nothing about the country, only the plain travelled road, and that he (Bridger) could correct all the maps published of the western world. 2 These invaluable resources also included the ability to disseminate the information and details of the drawings and maps onto other pieces of parchment, or to communicate them verbally into written form within the pages of a journal or other medium. Within the pages of Osborne Russell’s book titled, Journal of a Trapper are some nine highly detailed maps and routes that take the reader along the many legs of his journeys from 1834-1843. His maps and drawings are an example of a man who was dedicated to the work he was undertaking, and for the detail and chronology that went into it. One such excerpt concerning these details was from Osborne’s journal from June 19, 1835 when he stated, â€Å"This country affords no timber except the quaking Asp which grows in small scrubby groves in the nooks and ravines among the hills 20th we left the waters of Gray’s Creek and crossed a low place in the mountain in an east direction fell on to a small stream running into Lewis’ fork-distance 10 mls. 21st travelled East following this stream to the mouth about 15 mls which [was] about 30 mls. Below the mouth of Salt River. †3 The techniques of hunting and survival were both crucial skills for the mountain men and the trapper. They each had unspoken rules and guidelines that they lived by on a daily basis, and were the ethos they lived by. They trusted their lives to those that they knew, and who with they had fought, and were highly skeptical of any outsiders. The mountain man rarely asked anyone for any kind of assistance, while he held his own standards and earned his daily keep. These men were richly versed in the art of setting up and breaking down a campsite, and could build survival shelters and out buildings that could easily withstand the harshest of winters. Mountain men were also skilled and versed in the field craft of hunting game, and known for not wasting any part of a kill. Weber described one of these situations when he noted, â€Å"His companions on that trip long remember how Huddart, crazed by thirst, stuck his head inside a freshly killed buffalo to drink its blood; the story continued to be told on the trail for at least another decade. 4 Some of the essentials that every frontiersman, hunter, and trapper would have on their body or near them at all times included the following: Moccasins and buckskins, a Russell Green River knife found at most trading posts or rendezvous, a trusty horse, a good, comfortable hat to keep the sun off of the face, a â€Å"possibles bag† that carried in it everything to care for and fire a rifle, and la stly, a reliable hunting rifle. Osborne describes his personal kit he carried with him, when he declared, â€Å"A trapper’s equipment in such cases is generally one animal upon which is placed one or two epishemores, (rectangles of buffalo robe which served as padding under the saddle, and as mattresses to sleep on), a riding saddle and bridle, a sack containing six beaver traps, a blanket with an extra pair of moccasins, his powder horn and bullet pouch, with a belt to which is attached a butcher knife, a wooden box containing bait for beaver, a tobacco sack with a pipe and implements for making fire, with sometimes a hatchet fastened to the pommel of the saddle. His personal dress is a flannel or cotton shirt (if he is fortunate enough to obtain one, if not antelope skin answers the purpose of over and undershirt), a pair of leather breeches with blanket or smoked buffalo skin leggings, a coat made of blanket or buffalo robe, a hat or cap of wool, buffalo or otter skin, his hose (socks) are pieces of blanket wrapped around his feet, which are covered with a pair of moccasins made of dressed deer, elk, or buffalo skins, with his long hair falling loosely over his shoulders, completes his uniform. He then mounts and places his rifle before him on his saddle. †5 In addition to the American Indian helping the mountain men and trappers with survival and hunting knowledge, mountain men also did the same for the Indian in return. Trappers and hunters were the first to introduce to the Indians the use of forged metals for hunting and survival. Large and small game traps were a valuable asset that could be used in multiple areas, and hunting rifles and knives were routinely traded and purchased by the American Indian to enhance and improve their way of life. Notes . Robert Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1998), 155. 2. Stanley Vestal, Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), 160. 3. Osborne Russell, Journal of a Trapper: In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press, 2001), 14. 4. Weber, David J. The Taos Tra ppers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), 73. 5. Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness: the Frontiersman’s Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 321. Bibliography Morgan, Dale. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1953). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press, 2001). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: or, Nine years in the Rocky Mountains, 1834-1843: being a general description of the country, climate, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. , and a view of the life by a hunter in those regions by Osborne Russell, ed. L. A. York (Boise: Syms-York, 1914). Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness: the Frontiersman’s Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974). Utley, Robert. A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1998). Vestal, Stanley. Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970). Weber, David J. The Taos Trappers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971). http://www. mountainsofstone. com/rendezvous. htm http://westernexplorers. us/FurTrade. html http://www. uintahbasintah. org/usmountainmen. htm How to cite Mountain Men and Merchants, Papers

Business Statistics Nonparametric Models

Question: Define the Business Statistics for Nonparametric Models . Answer: The level of measurement of the variable Size is nominal. This variable is measured in nominal scale as the values of the variable is differentiated based on the various sizes of the compact, midsize and large (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 2013). The level of measurement of displacement is ratio scale as the values of the variable are measured in numbers. The level of measurement of cylinders is ratio scale. This is because the values of the variable give the magnitude of the cylinders of different sizes. The level of measurement of drive is ordinal. This is because the variable is ordered according to their wheels. The variable is classified according to all wheel, front wheel and rear wheel which denotes the order of the variable. The level of measurement of the variable fuel type is ordinal (Gries, 2014). This is because the values of this variable are classified according to the premium fuel or regular fuel. The variable city MPG has the level of measurement as ratio scale. This is because the values of the variable have a particular magnitude that gives the fuel efficiency rating for the city driving in terms of miles per gallon. The level of measurement of the variable Hwy MPG is ratio scale. This is because the there is a particular value for the samples of this variable which gives the measure of fuel efficiency rating for highway driving in terms of miles per gallon. Refer to the excel file in the excel sheet Data MG14. The histogram of cylinders is given below: Figure 1: Histogram of the variable cylinders (Source: Created by author) The histogram of the variable cylinders show that the minimum value of the variable is 4 and the maximum value of the variable is 12. The frequency of maximum value of the variable cylinder is less. This shows that there are few cars that have maximum number of engines are 12. Most of the cars use 4, 6 or 8 engines. The histogram shows that the distribution of the variable is not normal, as the curve of the variable do not follow the curve of normal distribution. Refer to the excel sheet question f. The table of relative frequencies and percent frequencies for the frequency distribution of the variable cylinders is given below: values relative frequency 4 = (48 / 100) = 0.48 5 = (4 / 100) = 0.04 6 = (27 / 100) = 0.27 8 = (18 / 100) = 0.18 12 = (3 / 100) = 0.03 Table 1: Table of relative frequency of the variable cylinders (Source: created by author) values percentage frequency 4 = (48/100) * 100 = 48 5 = (4/ 100) * 100 = 4 6 = (27 / 100) * 100 = 27 8 = (18 / 100) * 100 = 18 12 = (3 / 100) * 100 = 3 Table 2: Table of percentage frequency of the variable Cylinders (Source: Created by author) Refer to the excel sheet question h. The pivot table constructed in excel is given below: Count of Cylinders Column Labels Row Labels 4 5 6 8 12 Grand Total Compact 24 4 6 3 1 38 Large 3 4 12 1 20 Midsize 21 17 3 1 42 Grand Total 48 4 27 18 3 100 Table 3: Pivot table using size as row label, cylinders as column label and count of cylinders as the values of the pivot table (Source: created by author) The probabilities are calculated using the pivot table created in the variable cylinders: Total number of cylinders is 100. Number of cars that have 4 cylinders is 48. The probability of selecting 4 cylinders at random is given by (48 / 100) = 0.48. It was seen that the total number of cars is 100. Number of cars whose size is compact; i.e. small size is 38. The probability of randomly selecting a car, which has small size is given by (38 / 100) = 0.38. The total number of cars chosen as samples is 100. The number of cars, which are small, is 38 and the number of cars which have 4 engines is 48. The number of small cars who have 4 engines is 24. The probability of selecting small cars which have 4 engines is given by 24 / 100 = 0.24. The descriptive statistics calculated for the variable City MPG is given below: City MPG Mean 19.96 Standard Error 0.468593425 Median 19 Mode 18 Standard Deviation 4.68593425 Sample Variance 21.9579798 Kurtosis 3.204308984 Skewness 1.073940138 Range 30 Minimum 11 Maximum 41 Sum 1996 Count 100 Largest(1) 41 Smallest(1) 11 Confidence Level (95.0%) 0.929790993 Table 4: descriptive statistics of City MPG (Source: created by author) The descriptive statistics calculated for the variable Hwy MPG is given below: Hwy MPG Mean 28.93 Standard Error 0.520538765 Median 29 Mode 29 Standard Deviation 5.205387652 Sample Variance 27.09606061 Kurtosis 0.059249286 Skewness 0.163426126 Range 24 Minimum 18 Maximum 42 Sum 2893 Count 100 Largest(1) 42 Smallest(1) 18 Confidence Level (95.0%) 1.032861815 Table 5.: descriptive statistics of Hwy MPG (Source: created by author) On performing descriptive statistics on the variable City MPG, the mean value was found to be 19.96 while the value of standard deviation was found to be 4.68. It can be interpreted that the mean fuel efficiency rating for the city driving in miles per gallon is 19.96. The value of standard deviation is medium. It can be interpreted that the spread of fuel efficiency rating for city driving is deviated moderately from its mean value. The descriptive statistics of the variable Hwy MPG shows that the mean value of the variable was 28.93 and the standard deviation of the variable was 5.20. It can be interpreted that the average rating of fuel efficiency for driving on highway in terms of miles per gallon is 28.93 (Weiss and Weiss, 2012). The rating shows that the efficiency of the fuel for driving on highways is high as the average value is high. The value of standard deviation shows that the efficiency of fuels deviates moderately from the mean with a value of 5.20. The deviation of the variable shows that the efficiency of fuels for driving on highway variers moderately across the cars. The sample of City MPG and Hwy MPG drawn from its population is not given to follow normal distribution. Thus, it is assumed that the distribution of the population is t-distribution where the standard error of the population would be estimated from the sample drawn from the population and it would be used instead of standard deviation. In order to calculate the margin of error for 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population of the variable City MPG, the standard error of the variable is found by (standard deviation / sqrt (n) = 4.68 / 10 = 0.468. The 95% critical value of this variable following t-distribution and having degree of freedom as 99 is given as 1.66. Therefore, the margin of error of City MPG at 95% confidence interval when the variable follows t-distribution is given by 1.66 * 0.468 = 0.7769. In order to calculate the margin of error for 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population of the variable Hwy MPG, the standard error of the variable is found by (standard deviation / sqrt (n) = 5.20/ 10 = 0.520. The variable follows t-distribution and has the degrees of freedom as 99 (Bickel and Lehmann, 2012). The value of 95% confidence interval having 99 degrees of freedom is 1.66 (Kock, 2013). The margin of error for the variable Hwy MPG is 1.66 * 0.52 = 0.8632. The 95% confidence interval for population mean of the variable City MPG is given by mean +(-) 1.66* standard error (Huang and Bentler, 2015). The lower 95% interval is given by 19.96 (1.66 * 0.468) = 19.183 and the upper 95% interval is given by 19.96 + (1.66 * 0.468) = 20.736. The 95% confidence interval is given by 20.736 19.183 = 1.554. It can be interpreted that the 0.95 probability of containing the population mean is 1.554. The 95% confidence interval for population mean of the variable Hwy MPG is given by mean +(-) 1.66* standard error. The lower 95% interval is given by 28.93 (1.66*0.520) = 28.067 and the upper 95% interval is given by 28.93 + (1.66*0.520) = 29.793. The 95% confidence interval of Hwy MPG is given by 29.793 28.067 = 1.726. It can be interpreted that 0.95 probability of containing the population mean for this variable is 1.726. 0854 give the covariance between the variable Displacement and City MPG. The correlation between the variable Displacement and City MPG is given by -0.72805. 0837 give the covariance between the variable Displacement and Hwy MPG. The correlation between the variable Displacement and Hwy MPG is given by -0.81555. The correlation coefficient between Displacement and City MPG was found to be -0.72805. It is seen that there is a strong negative relationship between the two variables. It can be interpreted that the change in one variable would have a strong effect on the other variable but in the opposite direction (Sang et al., 2016). This suggests that more is the value of Displacement less is the value of City MPG. The correlation between Displacement and Hwy MPG was found to be -0.81555, which defines a strong negative association between these two variables. It can be interpreted that the change in one variable would strongly influence the change in another variable in the opposite direction (Shu and Nan, 2014). This suggests that higher the change in Displacement, lower is the value of Hwy MPG. References Bickel, P.J. and Lehmann, E.L., 2012. Descriptive statistics for nonparametric models IV. Spread. InSelected Works of EL Lehmann(pp. 519-526). Springer US. Gries, S.T., 2014. Frequency tables: tests, effect sizes, and explorations.Glynn D, Robinson J. Polysemy and synonymy: corpus methods and applications in cognitive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Huang, Y. and Bentler, P.M., 2015. Behavior of asymptotically distribution free test statistics in covariance versus correlation structure analysis.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,22(4), pp.489-503. Kock, N., 2013. Using WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies: Descriptive Statistics, Settings.Interdisciplinary Applications of Electronic Collaboration Approaches and Technologies,62. Pedhazur, E.J. and Schmelkin, L.P., 2013.Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. Psychology Press. Sang, Y., Dang, X. and Sang, H., 2016. Symmetric Gini Covariance and Correlation.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02332. Shu, H. and Nan, B., 2014. Large covariance/correlation matrix estimation for temporal data.arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.5059. Weiss, N.A. and Weiss, C.A., 2012.Introductory statistics. London: Pearson Education.