Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie Free Essays

In conventional fantasies, monstrosities are man eating mammoths. The sovereign as a rule safeguards the princess and they live joyfully ever after. 18. We will compose a custom article test on Investigate How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now 10. 10 The principle topics in a conventional fantasy are in every case either dependent on Romance/Magic Evil. The primary components consistently are the rival (the trouble maker), the hero (The hero) and principally some of the time the assistant. In conventional fantasies the enemy, the hero and the partner are frequently cliché, take Cinderella for instance the princess is cordial, wonderful, overall quite kind. The ruler is in every case regularly attractive, enchanting, bold and rich The film ‘Shrek’ starts in a customary manner by utilizing the most widely recognized expression ‘Once upon a time’ that gives you a thought that the film has utilized some conventional expressions. Well you can guess by the initial scene that ‘Shrek’ is distinctive to a conventional fantasy on how it shows Shrek doing whatever him might feeling like doing. Shrek is dislike a cliché sovereign. Shrek is an Ogre which straight away places an image in your brain of like a grimy, frightening and appalling and furthermore could be the foe. The music when we initially meet Shrek is a contrapuntal sound. It doesn’t truly coordinate the things he was doing. For instance, when Shrek is in a mud shower. The music gave you a cheerful/energizing inclination and a significant decent/awful impression; it additionally sets the state of mind all through the scene. Shrek undermines the residents in the film. On this scene you see Shrek as a hazardous beast, which looks monstrous and furthermore furious; with his uproarious crude he frightens off the residents. The way Shrek acts, it makes out that he is brutal and forceful and furthermore the he could hurt the townspeople. In the scene with the residents, a nearby is utilized to show the detail of Shrek’s face and how enormous he looks and what he really resembles close up. I do think Shrek is a cliché beast now since he fits with his character well on how a terrifying, underhanded individual he now and again can be. When Shrek meets Fiona he hauls her out by her arm which isn't a sovereign like activity. This shows you Shrek acts like an Ogre. Princess Fiona reacts in a stunned manner, She imagined that Shrek would come in and clear her of her feet rather he done the inverse and just hauled her out and furthermore he didn’t rout the mythical serpent which isn't care for a salvage Princess Fiona anticipated. The music we hear when we initially meet Lord Farquard is non digenetic and furthermore equal. It coordinates on how we first observe Lord Farquard. At the point when we initially hear the music it proposes that Lord Farquard is solid and ground-breaking practically like a cliché sovereign. At the point when Lord Farquard compromises the Ginger Bread man it makes us think this isn't the means by which a cliché ruler would act. Cliché sovereigns act sweet and mindful and Lord Farquard acts insidious, awful and requesting. Ruler Farquard acts nauseated when he discovers Princess Fiona is a beast. You can tell Lord Farquard is stunned and can’t accept his eyes. The impression Lord Farquard gives the crowd is that he is definitely not a cliché sovereign and is increasingly similar to a malice controlling ruler which makes us see his real nature. I think Lord Farquard is anything but a cliché ruler since he isn't attractive, enchanting or kind and shows he is simply subsequent to wedding Princess Fiona to turning out to be top dog. Shrek’s swomp is the thing that I consider how an ogre’s home would resemble. It’s overwhelming. a ruin, rotted and dirty. Master Farquard’s stronghold is what I’d anticipate that a manor should resemble it’s engaging, colossal, great and snappy. Shrek isn't care for a sound system regular beast toward the finish of the film since you see the genuine side of him which is sweet, mindful and adoring. ‘Shrek’ isn't care for a conventional fantasy on the grounds that each character isn't care for its cliché character. You wouldn’t as a rule discover a princess which turns into a beast or a monstrosity that weds a princess additionally Lord Farquard who you would hope to be the hero is really the enemy. The most effective method to refer to Explore How Steinbeck Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie, Papers

How does Coleridge tell the story in part 3 of Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay

The initial line of section 3 in the main verse, ‘THERE spent a fatigued time’, shows to the peruser that the Mariner is still in a condition of affliction, proceeded from section 2. The capitalisation of the word, ‘there’, proposes that nature’s torment is just being aimed at those on the boat. Coleridge advances the possibility of nature’s torment in this refrain through his utilization of death symbolism, ‘each throat was dry and coated each eye. ’ The word, ‘glazed’ suggests a kind of mental opening or vegetation, while ‘parched’ means that they are totally dried out, in addition to the fact that they are dried out they are dried out as in the Mariner has now totally lost any leftover of expectation and confidence in nature. The enjambment in the line is utilized to feature and underscore the degree of the lack of hydration among the ship’s group. Be that as it may, by the fifth line, the tone of the refrain has gotten less dreary, appeared through Coleridge’s deviation from the number structure. The two additional lines mark the feeling of expectation recently obtained by the boat after they see a ‘something in the sky. ’ Both the second and third verses come back to the conventional ditty structure to show the ficklness of the Mariner’s trust. In refrain 2, Coleridge utilizes indistinct language, ‘shape’ and ‘seemed’, in this verse so as to keep up the tension brought about by both the peruser and the Mariner’s vulnerability about this ‘speck. ’ It’s likewise used to mirror the distress of the Mariner, as his tone has gotten progressively positive in spite of the conceivably perilous article. The Mariner’s confident tone proceeds in the third verse, appeared through the basic gadget of accentuation, ‘A bit, a fog, a shape, I wist! ’ The outcry is utilized so as to show the hopefullness of the Mariner, the interior rhyme utilized by Coleridge likewise makes a cheery tone, as it accelerates the pace of the sonnet. Coleridge makes a stand out from the statement, ‘[the object] plunged and attached and veered’, as the Mariner’s own boat is totally still, the differentiation infers to the peruser that, maybe, this ‘sprite’ might be of the heavenly domain, as there is no breeze all things considered. In verse 7, Coleridge veers off from the conventional anthem structure, this opportunity to make the peruser mindful of the danger that the shape forces on the Mariner. Inside the sestet, Coleridge utilizes various artistic gadgets so as to convey the peril the Mariner’s transport is presently confronting. We see the artist utilize natural symbolism with the statement, ‘the western wave was all-afire. ’ The blending of two clashing components, water and fire, nearly appears to be unnatural, and is a case of the poem’s otherworldly subject. In fact, the symbolism is utilized to show to the peruser that the Mariner is presently managing something otherworldly. Coleridge likewise utilizes imagery through the statement, ‘that bizarre shape drove out of nowhere betwist us and the Sun. ’ At this point, the Mariner is hindered from any wellspring of light, and apparently, as God made light, this implies he is totally cut off from God, and therefore any sort of help from God is being deterred. Basically, the sailor can't be ensured or shielded against any sort of unsafe or extraordinary being by this point. Comparative imagery is utilized in refrain 8, as ‘the Sun was spotted with bars’, recommending that the sun has now been imprisioned by this article. The statement along with the likeness, ‘through a prison grind he peered’ suggests that whatever has imprisioned the sun is consummately fit for imprisoning the Mariner’s transport, expanding the dread felt by the Mariner as of now in his story. In refrains 10 and 11, the peruser discovers that ‘Death’ and ‘Life-in-Death’ are accountable for the secretive boat. The exemplification and capitalisation of these two figures impart to the peruser the degree of their capacity. Coleridge triggers stun in the peruser by deserting the normal rhyme plot, having an abccb instead of the daily practice and regularly ditty like abcb conspire, Coleridge’s control of structure through whimsical accentuation likewise adds to the stun; ‘is that Death? ’ A sum of five inquiries are posed in verse 10, making a feeling of both risk and vulnerability. In verse 11, Coleridge can bring out stun from the peruser by and by when delineating ‘Life-in-Death. ’ The peruser is first informed that ‘her locks were yellow as gold,’ as the analogy is genuinely traditional, containing the commonplace sentimental and lofty symbolism, Coleridge can trick us until he uncovers that ‘her skin was white as infection. ’ The juxtaposition among ‘gold’ and ‘leprosy’ presents her as this liminal figure, while she has certain attributes of an ordinary temptress type; she is still phantom like, even wicked. In verses 15, 16 and 17, Coleridge suggests to the peruser that Life-in-Death and Death’s trivialized round of death has prompted the mariners’ deaths’ with the exception of the Ancient Mariner. As of now, on the main line of the fifteenth verse, the ‘star-hounded Moon’ recommends that change is close. The Mariner conveys his consistent blame to the peruser by delaying the principal line, ‘one after one’, the caesura, used to underline the easing back down of pace, likewise assists with mirroring his regret about different sailors, who he feels liable for. Be that as it may, by the sixteenth verse he talks in a to some degree disengaged path as communicates in with scientific language, instead of sincerely drew in language, ‘four times fifty living men,’ in spite of his blame. On the other hand, the Mariner may have gotten desensitized after, clearly, hundreds of years of recounting to this story. Coleridge utilizes onomatopeoia so as to make a progressively striking observation in the reader’s mind, ‘heavy pound, a dormant protuberance. ’ The inside rhyme is utilized to increase our sound-related and visual faculties significantly more, as it echoes the sound made by ‘thump’. The onomatopeic language is additionally used to resound the way that the Mariner is presently totally confined. In the last refrain, we see another case of the Mariner’s sentiments of blame when he references his own shooting of the Albatross, ‘every soul†¦passed me by like the whizz of my cross-bow. ’ The Mariner’s routine comment about the Albatross toward the finish of each part propose that his blame is enduring, as it has stayed with him from that point forward. Basically, the statement infers that his shooting of the gooney bird has brought about the 200 passings of his kindred sailors; section 3 leave us with the feeling that the Mariner is currently confined, just as enveloped with blame.

Compulsion Symptom in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Compulsion Symptom in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Print Compulsions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) By Marla Deibler, PsyD facebook twitter Marla W. Deibler, PsyD, MSCP, is a licensed clinical psychologist and nationally-recognized expert in anxiety disorders and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Marla Deibler, PsyD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 24, 2020 Sean Justice / Getty Images More in OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Compulsions are one of the two primary symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, a psychiatric disorder that affects approximately 1.2% of adults in the United States in a given year.?? A compulsion is a repetitive behavior or mental act that a person with OCD is driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigidly applied rules (which are often used to help manage feelings of anxiety or distress). Compulsions vs. Habits Not all repeated behaviors and routines are compulsions. Many people follow a familiar pattern or routine when getting ready for bed at night, for example, or they may perform other self-care tasks, such as showering, in a specific order. These tendencies, or habits, can occur subconsciously, and habits can serve a positive purpose in daily functioning. Habits are considered to be within the range of “normal” human behavior.?? Similarly, just because someone is particularly orderly and feels good about keeping their living environment tidy does not mean they are OCD or have OCD. Neatness is a personality trait or aesthetic preference; obsessive-compulsive disorder is a mental illness. With OCD, compulsions are time-consuming and accompanied by significant emotional distress.?? The behaviors are typically carried out for two reasons: To neutralize or reduce the anxiety, disgust, or distressTo minimize or prevent the perceived risk/feared outcome associated with an obsession Why Ignoring Obsessions Can Make OCD Worse For example, a person with OCD might perform compulsive behaviors because they feel that something bad will happen if they do not. Performing the compulsion can also be a way for a person with OCD to quiet recurrent, persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that cause significant anxiety or distress. Compulsions are often driven by internal tension and a sense that the behaviors must be carried out in a particular order such that it feels “just right.” Common Compulsions The experience of OCD is different for everyone with the condition, but there are several types of compulsive behaviors that are common.?? Washing and Cleaning Compulsive behaviors related to cleanliness are often in response to obsessions about germs and contamination. Examples of these behaviors include hand washing or washing another part of the body in a certain way; excessive use of sanitizers, soaps, and other cleaning agents; excessive grooming and toileting routines; excessive cleaning of objects or items in the environment; and any other behaviors aimed at removing germs/dirt/contamination. Checking Checking behaviors are those that are carried out to provide reassurance that one did not or will not harm oneself or others. People with OCD may also perform these compulsions to reassure or ensure that they not make a mistake or do something perceived as unethical or immoral. Sometimes people with OCD find that checking behaviors help them ensure nothing bad has happened or will happen, for example, regarding the health and safety of themselves and others. Mental Rituals People with mental compulsions may spend a great deal of time thinking through something for clarification or attempting to figure out or better understand. They may perseverate on past events, mentally review communication, pray to prevent harm, or count in a specific way or to a specific number. Sometimes, people will verbalize (aloud or in their mind) a specific word or phrase that feels “good” to replace or fix something that feels “bad or imagine a “good” image to replace a “bad” image. Repetition Compulsions that must be done over and over again can involve re-reading, re-writing, or repeating routine actions/activities, repeating body movements, or carrying out any other action a certain number of times. Need to Tell People with OCD may have obsessions and related compulsions about lying. To address the anxiety these obsessions cause, they may be compelled to tell or confess, in detail, even innocuous information. They may use statements of uncertainty like maybe instead of a more definitive yes or no to ensure that they are accurate and have not inadvertently lied (for example, if they later change their mind about something). Rituals Surrounding Morality Ethics Some people with OCD are focused on morals or ethical standards. They may carry out excessively rigid behaviors to live according to specific values (such as practices around religion, environmental concerns, health, and wellness). “Just Right / Tourettic / Tic-Related Compulsions Just right compulsions can involve counting, symmetry or evening up, arranging, ordering, positioning, touching, and tapping. There may be no elaborate obsession or feared outcome that drives this behavior. Sometimes its an intense somatic and/or psychological tension or discomfortâ€"often described as something feeling incomplete or “not right”â€"which is relieved by performing the behavior. Ordering or arranging objects or items until it feels “right is another facet of these compulsions. Avoidance People with OCD may avoid any anxiety-provoking stimuli associated with an obsession to minimize harm and decrease anxiety or distress. Can OCD Obsessions and Compulsions Change Over Time? Diagnostic Criteria for OCD The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), outlines diagnostic criteria for “Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders.?? To be diagnosed with OCD, a person must meet the following criteria: The presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both.The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (e.g., take more than 1 hour per day) or cause significant distress or impairment in one’s daily functioning.The symptoms are not better accounted for by the physiological effects of a substance, medical condition, or other mental disorder. Obsessions are defined as: Recurrent, persistent, intrusive, unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that cause anxiety or distressAttempts to ignore or suppress obsessions or neutralize them by performing a compulsion Compulsions are defined as: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts an individual is driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigidly applied rulesBehaviors or mental acts are aimed at reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing a feared outcome; however, they are clearly excessive or not connected in a realistic way to that which they are intended to address How OCD Is Diagnosed Its not uncommon for a person with OCD to have good insight. They may express an understanding of the unreasonableness of the behaviors, yet the very definition of compulsion is that even with the awareness that their behavior is extreme, the person feels unable to stop.?? When someone has poor insight, the symptoms can appear more like delusions. Its important that mental health professionals differentiate between symptoms of OCD and those of disorders such as schizophrenia. Sometimes, the symptoms of OCD are related to tics, especially if a person has a history of a tic disorder (such as Tourette syndrome). A Word From Verywell People with OCD may feel compelled to perform certain actions or behaviors, both internal and external, to minimize anxiety, fear, or other intense emotions. The drive to perform these behaviors can be distressing, as the person may be aware that they are extreme, but feels unable to stop. If someone has symptoms of OCD, a doctor or mental health professional can use a specific set of criteria to diagnose the condition, which is the first step toward treatment. The symptoms of OCD, including compulsions, can be difficult to live with, but the condition can be managed with a combination of therapy, medication, and behavior modification. There are also in-person and online support communities that can be safe spaces, provide reliable information, and help people with OCD connect with resources. Self-Help Strategies for Living With OCD

`` Ballad Of Birmingham `` By Randall Dudley - 1332 Words

A girl, so very young, who already knows what a freedom march means has no idea what she will experience. A scared mother who does not want her little girl to see what is going on has no idea what is fixing to happen. Randall Dudley’s â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham,† gives a clear vision of what happened this day in 1963. The bombing at the 16th street baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama was a tragic event for the ones in this time. The poem shows the social and historical context of what exactly was going on during this time. The author, Randall Dudley, was born on January 14, 1914. He was born in Washington D.C. but moved to Detroit in 1920. Randall was an African American poet, publisher, editor, and founder of Broadside Press. Broadside†¦show more content†¦So the little girl dresses in a white dress, shoes, and gloves to leave to go to the church. Her mother thinks the church is much safer for her. The little girl leaves and the mother hears a loud explosion . She immediately runs to the church to see what had happened. Her daughter is nowhere to be found. The only thing the mother could find was one of her daughters little white shoes. Stated in an article from the online database,†The 16th Street church was the first and largest black church in Birmingham. Located in the heart of downtown, it was known to host such historic figures as Thurgood Marshall, W.E.B. DuBois, and, later, Hillary Clinton, as well as a junior senator from Illinois who would later become America s first black president. During the 1960s, 16th Street was the hub of the city s civil-rights activities. There, civil-rights activists strategized, held mass meetings, sponsored rallies, and planned demonstrations in the fight against segregation.† It also states, â€Å"At the height of the civil-rights movement, Birmingham was known as Bombingham. By the fall of 1963, there had been more than 80 unsolved bombings in the city, including at the home of A.D K ing, Martin Luther King Jr. s brother.† â€Å"It was a moment that the world would never forget, Lonnie Bunch told The Washington Post.† During this time period, it was an era in American history that many Americans never want to happen again. The era when segregation wasShow MoreRelatedBallad Of Birmingham By Dudley Randall1549 Words   |  7 Pageslives of the citizens attending the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. Four young black girls died in the bombing, inspiring poet Dudley Randall to write his powerful poem, â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham.† Through his poetry, Randall influenced change in the Civil Rights movement, and by owning the largest printing press of the 1960s, played a huge role in the Black Arts Movement. Dudley Randall’s ballad, â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham,† expresses his feelings of helplessness and sorrow after the tragicRead MoreBallad Of Birmingham, By Dudley Randall1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe poem I chose to write about is called â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham,† by Dudley Randall, (Lit. Kirszner Mandell, 2012 pg. 378 ). This poem is about one of the four little African-American girls that were killed in a church bombing that was orchestrated by white supremacists back in 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama. The 1960s were a tumultuous decade for America, particularly on the off chance that you lived in the southern portion of the nation. It was pretty obvious that the Southern states were stillRead More Ballad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesBallad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall In Ballad of Birmingham, Dudley Randall illustrates a conflict between a child who wishes to march for civil rights and a mother who wishes only to protect her child. Much of this poem is read as dialogue between a mother and a child, a style which gives it an intimate tone and provides insight to the feelings of the characters. Throughout the poem the child is eager to go into Birmingham and march for freedom with the people there. The mother, on theRead MoreBallad of Birmingham by Dudley Randall Essays693 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Ballad of Birmingham resembles a traditional ballad in that it tells a story in a song-like manner. The didactic tone seeks to teach us something; in this case it’s the theme of needless destruction. There are many devices the author uses to create such a tone and to tell such a story. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First of all, the most visible element of importance is the irony. A kid dying in a church where his mom told him to go to be safe is very ironic andRead MoreThe Real Life Events Illustrated in The Ballad of Birmingham, by Dudley Randall525 Words   |  3 PagesThe tragic poem, â€Å"The Ballad of Birmingham,† begins with a young child asking an imploring question to her mother, â€Å"May I go downtown instead of out to play† (Randall, 669)? The author, Dudley Randall, illustrates the conflict and irony between the mother and her child. The mother only wants to protect her child from the dangers that await her, but the child on the other hand, only wants to be a part of the Freedom March in Birmingham, Alabama. â€Å"The Ballad of Birmingham† was written about the realRead MoreThe Ballad Of Birmingham Poem1385 Words   |  6 Pagesnever met before. Imagine your child making world news and being put in history books because of the evil negligence of another fellow American. This reality was true for the families of the victims in the Ballad of Birmingham poem. In my opinion, this is a well structured essay by Dudley Randall which describes minutes before an innocent girl dies in one of the most unimaginable ways. I believe losing her child is a hard thing for a mother to go through. I enjoy the end rhyme and the ability forRead MoreDudley Randalls Poem Ballad of Birmingham Essay examples563 Words   |  3 PagesDudley Randall was born on January 19, 1914 in Washington D.C. and died on August 2, 2000 in Southfield, Michigan. His mother Ada Viloa was a teacher and his father Arthur George Clyde Randall was a Congregational minister. His father was very much into politics because of that Dudley and his brother would listen to prominent black speakers. When Randall was about nine years old he and his family move to Detroit, Michigan in 1920. By the time he was thirteen he had his first poem published in theRead MoreFigure Of Speech InBallad Of Birmingham, By Dudley Randall1059 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Ballad of Birmingham† is a ba llad written by Dudley Randall. A literary ballad is a poem that tells a short story in a simple narrative and is not accompanied by music. In this ballad, Randall tells the story of an African American mother and her child living in the 1960s. In this period of time African Americans and other minority groups where segregated and denied their Humans Rights. To analyze a poem, you have to first analyze or find the literary elements of the poem to get an idea of the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Ballad Of Birmingham 1121 Words   |  5 Pagesright and it ultimately blows up in your face. This poem written by Dudley Randall   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ballad of Birmingham† is a world shattering and ironic story of a mother trying to keep her daughter out of harm’s way, and it ultimately failed. Randall wrote his poem in dialogue to show a conversation between mother and daughter. As well as that, dialogue is used to show the hardships of growing up black especially in the 1960s.   However Randall also uses irony as an unexpected twist. Lastly he uses imagery to expressRead MoreA Historical Look Into the â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham1102 Words   |  5 PagesA Historical Look into the â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham The â€Å"Ballad of Birmingham is a shocking poem that was written by Dudley Randall about a bombing of an African American church in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. The bombing of the church was racially motivated and resulted in the death of four innocent African American girls and was the turning point in the United States 1960s Civil Rights Movement. In Dudley’s poem he has taken such a sad event and turned it into a poem showing the racially motivated

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Mountain Men and Merchants Free Essays

Mountain Men and Merchants; How the West was Explored and Tamed Chad D. Ramsey Student #4101887 History 300 Professor Tracy Derks December 15th 2011 During the beginning and throughout the 19th century, mountain men, trappers and merchants of the fur trade made a vital impact on the development of the previously uncharted West. These men came primarily from the East coast of the United States with a desire for adventure and the calling of a better life. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountain Men and Merchants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men like James Bridger, Jedediah Smith, Osborne Russell, Warren Ferris and numerous others left with expedition teams with what they could carry on their backs and on pack animals to explore the Western frontier. While these men appeared to be brave, and experienced some of the harshest conditions that the West had to offer, they were not alone, nor without help in the frontier. The mountain man had to forge relationships over the years with a key ally he would need to survive, the American Indian. Many members of these tribes, most notably, the Crow, Flathead, Cheyenne, and Shoshone helped these mountain men in their education and understanding of the complexities of the relatively unexplored area. These adventurers, frontiersmen, and trappers were also an industrious cross section of society, who played a vital part in the history of the United States. While American Indians helped Mountain Men to explore the rugged West and were a vital link to route exploration and survival techniques, it was the trappers’ writings, maps and fur trading that played a more important role in the development and exploration of the West. One of the most important roles that these Mountain Men played initially, was that of cartographers. The rough sketching, and understanding of the layout of the land and of cardinal direction, were key ingredients for the success of the Mountain Man. Utley described these talents in Mountain Man Warren Ferris when he observed, â€Å"By Ferris’s time, most trappers could visualize a map of the American West more accurate and comprehensive than existed anywhere on aper. Some of what they saw, and knew, leaked out through St. Louis newspapers or spread by word of mouth. Most, However, remained locked in their minds, awaiting the intermediary equipped by training and skill to lay it before the literate world. †1 During the summer of 1847, proclaimed Mountain Man Jim Bridger had already been assisting the early Mormon pioneers who had been crossing the vast stretches of the plains in search of their Zion. Bridger had conferred with Mormon leader Brigham Young about the accuracy of his on hand maps, and even spent time drawing a map of the region for him in the dirt. Stanley Vestal described this situation when he wrote, â€Å"All that Brigham had to go by were the maps prepared by Colonel John C. Fremont- and divine guidance. Old Jim had not heard of divine guidance, and said he was â€Å"ashamed of the maps of Fremont, who knew nothing about the country, only the plain travelled road, and that he (Bridger) could correct all the maps published of the western world. 2 These invaluable resources also included the ability to disseminate the information and details of the drawings and maps onto other pieces of parchment, or to communicate them verbally into written form within the pages of a journal or other medium. Within the pages of Osborne Russell’s book titled, Journal of a Trapper are some nine highly detailed maps and routes that take the reader along the many legs of his journeys from 1834-1843. His maps and drawings are an example of a man who was dedicated to the work he was undertaking, and for the detail and chronology that went into it. One such excerpt concerning these details was from Osborne’s journal from June 19, 1835 when he stated, â€Å"This country affords no timber except the quaking Asp which grows in small scrubby groves in the nooks and ravines among the hills 20th we left the waters of Gray’s Creek and crossed a low place in the mountain in an east direction fell on to a small stream running into Lewis’ fork-distance 10 mls. 21st travelled East following this stream to the mouth about 15 mls which [was] about 30 mls. Below the mouth of Salt River. †3 The techniques of hunting and survival were both crucial skills for the mountain men and the trapper. They each had unspoken rules and guidelines that they lived by on a daily basis, and were the ethos they lived by. They trusted their lives to those that they knew, and who with they had fought, and were highly skeptical of any outsiders. The mountain man rarely asked anyone for any kind of assistance, while he held his own standards and earned his daily keep. These men were richly versed in the art of setting up and breaking down a campsite, and could build survival shelters and out buildings that could easily withstand the harshest of winters. Mountain men were also skilled and versed in the field craft of hunting game, and known for not wasting any part of a kill. Weber described one of these situations when he noted, â€Å"His companions on that trip long remember how Huddart, crazed by thirst, stuck his head inside a freshly killed buffalo to drink its blood; the story continued to be told on the trail for at least another decade. 4 Some of the essentials that every frontiersman, hunter, and trapper would have on their body or near them at all times included the following: Moccasins and buckskins, a Russell Green River knife found at most trading posts or rendezvous, a trusty horse, a good, comfortable hat to keep the sun off of the face, a â€Å"possibles bag† that carried in it everything to care for and fire a rifle, and la stly, a reliable hunting rifle. Osborne describes his personal kit he carried with him, when he declared, â€Å"A trapper’s equipment in such cases is generally one animal upon which is placed one or two epishemores, (rectangles of buffalo robe which served as padding under the saddle, and as mattresses to sleep on), a riding saddle and bridle, a sack containing six beaver traps, a blanket with an extra pair of moccasins, his powder horn and bullet pouch, with a belt to which is attached a butcher knife, a wooden box containing bait for beaver, a tobacco sack with a pipe and implements for making fire, with sometimes a hatchet fastened to the pommel of the saddle. His personal dress is a flannel or cotton shirt (if he is fortunate enough to obtain one, if not antelope skin answers the purpose of over and undershirt), a pair of leather breeches with blanket or smoked buffalo skin leggings, a coat made of blanket or buffalo robe, a hat or cap of wool, buffalo or otter skin, his hose (socks) are pieces of blanket wrapped around his feet, which are covered with a pair of moccasins made of dressed deer, elk, or buffalo skins, with his long hair falling loosely over his shoulders, completes his uniform. He then mounts and places his rifle before him on his saddle. †5 In addition to the American Indian helping the mountain men and trappers with survival and hunting knowledge, mountain men also did the same for the Indian in return. Trappers and hunters were the first to introduce to the Indians the use of forged metals for hunting and survival. Large and small game traps were a valuable asset that could be used in multiple areas, and hunting rifles and knives were routinely traded and purchased by the American Indian to enhance and improve their way of life. Notes . Robert Utley, A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1998), 155. 2. Stanley Vestal, Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970), 160. 3. Osborne Russell, Journal of a Trapper: In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press, 2001), 14. 4. Weber, David J. The Taos Tra ppers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971), 73. 5. Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness: the Frontiersman’s Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 321. Bibliography Morgan, Dale. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1953). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: In the Rocky Mountains Between 1834 1843, ed. Aubrey L. Haines (Santa Barbara: The Narrative Press, 2001). Russell, Osborne. Journal of a Trapper: or, Nine years in the Rocky Mountains, 1834-1843: being a general description of the country, climate, rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. , and a view of the life by a hunter in those regions by Osborne Russell, ed. L. A. York (Boise: Syms-York, 1914). Russell, Osborne. Voices from the Wilderness: the Frontiersman’s Own Story, ed. Thomas Froncek (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974). Utley, Robert. A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific (New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1998). Vestal, Stanley. Jim Bridger Mountain Man a Biography (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1970). Weber, David J. The Taos Trappers (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971). http://www. mountainsofstone. com/rendezvous. htm http://westernexplorers. us/FurTrade. html http://www. uintahbasintah. org/usmountainmen. htm How to cite Mountain Men and Merchants, Papers

Business Statistics Nonparametric Models

Question: Define the Business Statistics for Nonparametric Models . Answer: The level of measurement of the variable Size is nominal. This variable is measured in nominal scale as the values of the variable is differentiated based on the various sizes of the compact, midsize and large (Pedhazur and Schmelkin, 2013). The level of measurement of displacement is ratio scale as the values of the variable are measured in numbers. The level of measurement of cylinders is ratio scale. This is because the values of the variable give the magnitude of the cylinders of different sizes. The level of measurement of drive is ordinal. This is because the variable is ordered according to their wheels. The variable is classified according to all wheel, front wheel and rear wheel which denotes the order of the variable. The level of measurement of the variable fuel type is ordinal (Gries, 2014). This is because the values of this variable are classified according to the premium fuel or regular fuel. The variable city MPG has the level of measurement as ratio scale. This is because the values of the variable have a particular magnitude that gives the fuel efficiency rating for the city driving in terms of miles per gallon. The level of measurement of the variable Hwy MPG is ratio scale. This is because the there is a particular value for the samples of this variable which gives the measure of fuel efficiency rating for highway driving in terms of miles per gallon. Refer to the excel file in the excel sheet Data MG14. The histogram of cylinders is given below: Figure 1: Histogram of the variable cylinders (Source: Created by author) The histogram of the variable cylinders show that the minimum value of the variable is 4 and the maximum value of the variable is 12. The frequency of maximum value of the variable cylinder is less. This shows that there are few cars that have maximum number of engines are 12. Most of the cars use 4, 6 or 8 engines. The histogram shows that the distribution of the variable is not normal, as the curve of the variable do not follow the curve of normal distribution. Refer to the excel sheet question f. The table of relative frequencies and percent frequencies for the frequency distribution of the variable cylinders is given below: values relative frequency 4 = (48 / 100) = 0.48 5 = (4 / 100) = 0.04 6 = (27 / 100) = 0.27 8 = (18 / 100) = 0.18 12 = (3 / 100) = 0.03 Table 1: Table of relative frequency of the variable cylinders (Source: created by author) values percentage frequency 4 = (48/100) * 100 = 48 5 = (4/ 100) * 100 = 4 6 = (27 / 100) * 100 = 27 8 = (18 / 100) * 100 = 18 12 = (3 / 100) * 100 = 3 Table 2: Table of percentage frequency of the variable Cylinders (Source: Created by author) Refer to the excel sheet question h. The pivot table constructed in excel is given below: Count of Cylinders Column Labels Row Labels 4 5 6 8 12 Grand Total Compact 24 4 6 3 1 38 Large 3 4 12 1 20 Midsize 21 17 3 1 42 Grand Total 48 4 27 18 3 100 Table 3: Pivot table using size as row label, cylinders as column label and count of cylinders as the values of the pivot table (Source: created by author) The probabilities are calculated using the pivot table created in the variable cylinders: Total number of cylinders is 100. Number of cars that have 4 cylinders is 48. The probability of selecting 4 cylinders at random is given by (48 / 100) = 0.48. It was seen that the total number of cars is 100. Number of cars whose size is compact; i.e. small size is 38. The probability of randomly selecting a car, which has small size is given by (38 / 100) = 0.38. The total number of cars chosen as samples is 100. The number of cars, which are small, is 38 and the number of cars which have 4 engines is 48. The number of small cars who have 4 engines is 24. The probability of selecting small cars which have 4 engines is given by 24 / 100 = 0.24. The descriptive statistics calculated for the variable City MPG is given below: City MPG Mean 19.96 Standard Error 0.468593425 Median 19 Mode 18 Standard Deviation 4.68593425 Sample Variance 21.9579798 Kurtosis 3.204308984 Skewness 1.073940138 Range 30 Minimum 11 Maximum 41 Sum 1996 Count 100 Largest(1) 41 Smallest(1) 11 Confidence Level (95.0%) 0.929790993 Table 4: descriptive statistics of City MPG (Source: created by author) The descriptive statistics calculated for the variable Hwy MPG is given below: Hwy MPG Mean 28.93 Standard Error 0.520538765 Median 29 Mode 29 Standard Deviation 5.205387652 Sample Variance 27.09606061 Kurtosis 0.059249286 Skewness 0.163426126 Range 24 Minimum 18 Maximum 42 Sum 2893 Count 100 Largest(1) 42 Smallest(1) 18 Confidence Level (95.0%) 1.032861815 Table 5.: descriptive statistics of Hwy MPG (Source: created by author) On performing descriptive statistics on the variable City MPG, the mean value was found to be 19.96 while the value of standard deviation was found to be 4.68. It can be interpreted that the mean fuel efficiency rating for the city driving in miles per gallon is 19.96. The value of standard deviation is medium. It can be interpreted that the spread of fuel efficiency rating for city driving is deviated moderately from its mean value. The descriptive statistics of the variable Hwy MPG shows that the mean value of the variable was 28.93 and the standard deviation of the variable was 5.20. It can be interpreted that the average rating of fuel efficiency for driving on highway in terms of miles per gallon is 28.93 (Weiss and Weiss, 2012). The rating shows that the efficiency of the fuel for driving on highways is high as the average value is high. The value of standard deviation shows that the efficiency of fuels deviates moderately from the mean with a value of 5.20. The deviation of the variable shows that the efficiency of fuels for driving on highway variers moderately across the cars. The sample of City MPG and Hwy MPG drawn from its population is not given to follow normal distribution. Thus, it is assumed that the distribution of the population is t-distribution where the standard error of the population would be estimated from the sample drawn from the population and it would be used instead of standard deviation. In order to calculate the margin of error for 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population of the variable City MPG, the standard error of the variable is found by (standard deviation / sqrt (n) = 4.68 / 10 = 0.468. The 95% critical value of this variable following t-distribution and having degree of freedom as 99 is given as 1.66. Therefore, the margin of error of City MPG at 95% confidence interval when the variable follows t-distribution is given by 1.66 * 0.468 = 0.7769. In order to calculate the margin of error for 95% confidence interval for the mean of the population of the variable Hwy MPG, the standard error of the variable is found by (standard deviation / sqrt (n) = 5.20/ 10 = 0.520. The variable follows t-distribution and has the degrees of freedom as 99 (Bickel and Lehmann, 2012). The value of 95% confidence interval having 99 degrees of freedom is 1.66 (Kock, 2013). The margin of error for the variable Hwy MPG is 1.66 * 0.52 = 0.8632. The 95% confidence interval for population mean of the variable City MPG is given by mean +(-) 1.66* standard error (Huang and Bentler, 2015). The lower 95% interval is given by 19.96 (1.66 * 0.468) = 19.183 and the upper 95% interval is given by 19.96 + (1.66 * 0.468) = 20.736. The 95% confidence interval is given by 20.736 19.183 = 1.554. It can be interpreted that the 0.95 probability of containing the population mean is 1.554. The 95% confidence interval for population mean of the variable Hwy MPG is given by mean +(-) 1.66* standard error. The lower 95% interval is given by 28.93 (1.66*0.520) = 28.067 and the upper 95% interval is given by 28.93 + (1.66*0.520) = 29.793. The 95% confidence interval of Hwy MPG is given by 29.793 28.067 = 1.726. It can be interpreted that 0.95 probability of containing the population mean for this variable is 1.726. 0854 give the covariance between the variable Displacement and City MPG. The correlation between the variable Displacement and City MPG is given by -0.72805. 0837 give the covariance between the variable Displacement and Hwy MPG. The correlation between the variable Displacement and Hwy MPG is given by -0.81555. The correlation coefficient between Displacement and City MPG was found to be -0.72805. It is seen that there is a strong negative relationship between the two variables. It can be interpreted that the change in one variable would have a strong effect on the other variable but in the opposite direction (Sang et al., 2016). This suggests that more is the value of Displacement less is the value of City MPG. The correlation between Displacement and Hwy MPG was found to be -0.81555, which defines a strong negative association between these two variables. It can be interpreted that the change in one variable would strongly influence the change in another variable in the opposite direction (Shu and Nan, 2014). This suggests that higher the change in Displacement, lower is the value of Hwy MPG. References Bickel, P.J. and Lehmann, E.L., 2012. Descriptive statistics for nonparametric models IV. Spread. InSelected Works of EL Lehmann(pp. 519-526). Springer US. Gries, S.T., 2014. Frequency tables: tests, effect sizes, and explorations.Glynn D, Robinson J. Polysemy and synonymy: corpus methods and applications in cognitive linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Huang, Y. and Bentler, P.M., 2015. Behavior of asymptotically distribution free test statistics in covariance versus correlation structure analysis.Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal,22(4), pp.489-503. Kock, N., 2013. Using WarpPLS in E-Collaboration Studies: Descriptive Statistics, Settings.Interdisciplinary Applications of Electronic Collaboration Approaches and Technologies,62. Pedhazur, E.J. and Schmelkin, L.P., 2013.Measurement, design, and analysis: An integrated approach. Psychology Press. Sang, Y., Dang, X. and Sang, H., 2016. Symmetric Gini Covariance and Correlation.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02332. Shu, H. and Nan, B., 2014. Large covariance/correlation matrix estimation for temporal data.arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.5059. Weiss, N.A. and Weiss, C.A., 2012.Introductory statistics. London: Pearson Education.